Representation Of Events

This image also appeared on other newspaper front covers during the event such as the daily express the sun and the indented. The image of the youth also includes what seems to be a burnt out facial in the background there for making it seem as if this person was to blame for this maroons attack. Other newspapers such as the daily telegraph and the daily express issued on the same day include headlines such as â€Å"rule of the mob† â€Å"flaming morons† and â€Å"mob rule† to anger this image.This giving this person in the image of being a ember of a gang and the word moron has the connotations situated with it. These newspapers represented the even by putting a lot of blame of young people in the area this image that was used represented a stereo typical youth in London there for representing them a rioter and a thug who was to blame for the riots.The daily mail newspaper also included a comment from the daily mail its self which read â€Å"to blame the cuts i s immoral and cynical this criminality pure and simple† there for the daily mail was blaming the rioting in London on the criminals in the area especially the stereo typical touts in London depicted in the image the comment also took the blame away from the government and opinion leaders The next example I am going to referee of a fox news broadcast aired on the 1 lath of august , aimed at a American audience.The catalyst for the rioting was the shooting dead of the 29 year old black man mark Digging on the 4th of august he was about to be arrested for gun crime in the black community . The fox new broadcast represents the event in relation to his death the broadcast opens with the news anchor saying ‘the shooting death of one man, sets of hundreds leaves Roth London subverts in ruin† the broadcast then shows footage of Atonement in London were we can seer young black youths looping shops with the headline † police shooting sparks riots†.There for telli ng the audience that the police may be to blame for these riots. Footage also shows burning buildings and the police patrolling the streets with the news anchor mentioning that the rioters are attacking businesses and police. The news broadcast then shows a Mao of where the riots are taking place obviously to show the American viewers how close the riots are to the location for upcoming Lollops that took place in London 2012. This would negatively represent the city of London to the American audience may put a lot of people off from visiting the country when the lollops are taking place. We are told it was this mans death that started it all† anchored by an image of mark Duggan with a direct mode of address. Nt the image used in the sun newspaper article from 5th August 201 1 which represented Mark Duggan as a gangster. The image used in the sun newspaper showed mark Duggan making a gun sign with his hand and wearing billing the dress code associated tit gang members and cultu re. This newspaper report represented mark Duggan in a negative way and in term of is background making out that he shot at police first. The image would make an audience think he was to blame for his death.Fox news chief correspondent report focuses on the amount of people being arrested and the number of police injured (25 police injured) uses an English news anchor and reporter ( knows history of London and had reported on the 1 ass's riots) shows footage of a youth, dressed in a hood- negative connotations- gives the impression that all the rioters look like its- ere intimidating especially to an outside audience (especially the target American audience of this programmer) â€Å"cops say the riots started because of the shooting of that man (mark Duggan) who was elatedly a gang member † and â€Å"its is simple opportunistic looting' anchored by footage of the rioters attacking police. Shows interview with police commissioner – opinion leader giving his thoughts on the rioting -vat's I've seen is pure violence† – how ill this effect how people (especially the American target audience ) view this events Great concern for British government the rioting has moved into diddle class areas – so id the government only concerned now because the richer citizens are being affected?

Questions in Christianity Today Essay

The Christian population is growing every day. With the economy today people are starting to turn to God for answers and pray for help with their problems. Since so many people are starting to look to God for answers I decided to talk about the following three topics: â€Å"Did Jesus Claim to be God?†, â€Å"Did Jesus need to be born of a virgin?†, and â€Å"What can your local church do to better communicate Gods love to your community?† There are many questions and concerns about these topics. Although there are a lot of debatable questions it is clear to see that Jesus did claim to be God. Did Jesus Claim to be God Jesus never said in the Bible â€Å"I am God†. He did however say in John 10:30 â€Å"I and the Father are one†. Because of the ways the Jews reacted to his statement they said he was claiming to be God and then tried to stone him for this reason. We must see that the creation of the universe was done by God, but we must also remember that God is made of the Trinity which is the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. These three things make God. Since the Son of the Trinity would be Jesus it would be possible for Jesus and God to be the creator of the universe because they are one. Before Christ was born, God spoke to Moses and told him that his name was Yahweh. Yahwen is also known as I AM. I AM was the scared name of God and Jesus used it for himself. In the passage John 8:56-58 Jesus makes it clear that he is not merely a mortal man. â€Å"Your father Abraham rejoices at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad.† â€Å"You are not yet fifty years old,† the Jews said to him, â€Å"and you have seen Abraham!† â€Å"I tell you the truth,† Jesus answered, â€Å"before Abraham was born I am!† At this, they picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus hid himself, slipping away from the temple grounds. In an article I read, it says that there is a great deal of secondary evidence that Jesus is the Son of God. His teachings, miracles and resurrection claim this. Jesus had a special relationship with God and claimed to be alive before Abraham. People asked if he was the Son of God or said that He was and Jesus either affirmed or denied it. Did Jesus Need to be born of a Virgin? The miracle of a virgin birth has kept people from accepting the truth of Christianity. The bible does say that God had decided his son would have a miraculous entrance into the world. The verse Isaiah 7:14 says â€Å"Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: Behold the virgin will be with child and bear a son, and she will call his name Immanuel† God was unhappy with the way the world was turning out. So many people were committing sin. This is why he decided to bring his Son to the world to help guide and teaching people. The virgin birth of Jesus was very important. To come into the world to teach the people about sin he needed to be sinless himself. This is why God called upon the Holy Spirit to go to the Virgin Mary and plant his seed in her womb. Many debate on how a virgin can be pregnant and how Jesus became Human. In fact Jesus received his human aspects from his mother, whereas he still had his deity because God was his father. In order to keep his deity he could not be born of sin. Since all are born with sin because they are conceived by man, Jesus was not conceived by man which makes him pure and having no sin. Local Churches and the Community It is important to treat others as you would want to be treated. A lot of Christians today look down on those who don’t believe the way that they do. You shouldn’t judge anyone on their perspective about God. God is the only one who can judge. Christians should just share Gods love to those who do not accept him. When non believers look into becoming Christian, they look to their local churches for answers. This is why it is important for churches to be well informative and also have their doors open for all perspectives. You can expect a non believer to come if they feel like they are going to be judged as soon as they walk in the door. It is important for Christians to spread the word about God. We just have to make sure we go about it a certain way. No one wants to feel as if they are being preached to all the time. You have to be prepared to listen to their point of view without judgment. It’s ok to debate as long as it’s not taken to a certain level. I think personal experiences on why you believe a certain way could help others understand better. You can’t just tell someone why they should believe a certain way without some kind of reason behind it. Churches can also have a big impact on the way people view Christianity. It is the churches responsibility to get the word out about God. Not only can Churches open their doors to teach the word of God but they can do things to help the community. Churches can have food drive, feed the homeless, volunteer at nursing homes, help community members with funeral cost or just raise money to help someone. People in the community wither they are Christian or not will see what good the church will do for others. This could make non believers come to that church to learn more on what they are about. In conclusion, Jesus did claim to be God, he was born of a virgin, and there are many way churches can help out the community. Jesus allowed people to worship him, which worshiping was only supposed to be allowed for God. He was born of a virgin to help the people with their sin. God did this on purpose because he needed help. People can help local churches spread the love of God. It is important for the people to give a good image about the church to bring non believers in. We want to give everyone the same love and respect as we would want for ourselves.

A Role of Poverty in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Role of Poverty in Education - Essay Example On the other hand, calls for an overhaul of the organizational structure of the educational system through rapid changes (Kyle, 2011). For example, the author suggests more participation of teachers and family members in the school process of their children. However, in this article, the writer talks about the influence of diversity in schools and its impacts in performance, For instance, is of the opinion that teacher quality and diversity affect the performance of students (Clayton, 2011). This is because of the rising poverty in schools of color hence making it had to dissociate performance from poverty. On the other hand, according to Nikulina, Spatz, and Czaja (2010), kids who have been neglected are vulnerable to childhood poverty. This is in the form of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), crime in young age and effects on academic achievement. On the other hand, the studies from Cooper (2011) conclude that the participation of parents in the educational matters of their children lead to high performance. However, the participation varies from race to race. For instance, Hispanic and Black parents are less likely to visit their children and monitor their school than White parents. This is most prevalent in low-income neighborhoods However, according to Bland (2010), even children from the urban face setbacks that interfere with their academic development. The dropout rates are almost similar to the children in the lower class. This is because they also have weaknesses in terms of academic performances. Similarly, in the context of Deluca & Rosenblatt (2010), shifting from a poor a neighborhood to a better one may lead to improvement of academic standards of the child. This is through access to more resources and efficient teachers. Therefore, it is fundamental for educationists, teachers, and parents to urgently address the pertinent issues mentioned by the authors.  

Collage Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collage Reflection - Essay Example I chose this mixture of quotes, wise sayings, songs, poems, and book excerpts to symbolize who I am as a person. My true identity has been shaped by my childhood experiences, and my goals and dreams that I am still living out. Ever since I can remember, my fondest dream and goal in life has been to attend college. Early on I realized how much of a struggle it would be to gain entry into a top university in the United States, but that did not derail my efforts. In the words of Winston Churchill, â€Å"Never, never, never give up† (Never Give Up Quotes). This quote is in my collage because it defines my struggle to keep going and my desire to push through any obstacle that my come my way. My passion is finance. I want to be a successful leader in business so that I can help mentor others and inspire to them succeed as well. I have a passion and drive in me to do this that will not go away. The quote by Li Shing that begins â€Å"The future may be made up of many factors, but where it truly lies is in the hearts and minds of men† certainly epitomizes my belief in this area (Passion Quotes). My dedication is truly not for my own gain, but is based on a love for people and my country. The reason I chose to put this particular quote in red in because it symbolizes passion. Passion is a burning desire to do something. It is a goal and dream that I cannot rest from until it is realized. In addition, this passion was instilled in me from an early age. The quote ‘Will you join the dance?† (Carroll 1992) reflects my childhood.... I chose this mixture of quotes, wise sayings, songs, poems, and book excerpts to symbolize who I am as a person. My true identity has been shaped by my childhood experiences, and my goals and dreams that I am still living out. Ever since I can remember, my fondest dream and goal in life has been to attend college. Early on I realized how much of a struggle it would be to gain entry into a top university in the United States, but that did not derail my efforts. In the words of Winston Churchill, â€Å"Never, never, never give up† (Never Give Up Quotes). This quote is in my collage because it defines my struggle to keep going and my desire to push through any obstacle that my come my way. My passion is finance. I want to be a successful leader in business so that I can help mentor others and inspire to them succeed as well. I have a passion and drive in me to do this that will not go away. The quote by Li Shing that begins â€Å"The future may be made up of many factors, but wh ere it truly lies is in the hearts and minds of men† certainly epitomizes my belief in this area (Passion Quotes). My dedication is truly not for my own gain, but is based on a love for people and my country. The reason I chose to put this particular quote in red in because it symbolizes passion. Passion is a burning desire to do something. It is a goal and dream that I cannot rest from until it is realized. In addition, this passion was instilled in me from an early age. The quote ‘Will you join the dance?† (Carroll 1992) reflects my childhood. From an early age, I have desired to do something more with my life and I did dream about this as the days went by. I want to a positive force for change in whatever I do, so I certainly do intend

Gustave Courbet, Young Women from the Village and John Singer Sargent, Term Paper

Gustave Courbet, Young Women from the Village and John Singer Sargent, The Wyndham Sisters - Term Paper Example The paper "Gustave Courbet, Young Women from the Village and John Singer Sargent, The Wyndham Sisters" compares, in detail, two significant works of art. The first work is Gustave Courbet's Young Women from the Village and the second work is John Singer Sargent's The Wyndham Sisters. The first piece of work is entitled Young Women From the Village. The nature of this piece is extremely organic and elemental. At first glance, one can’t help but notice the greenery in the backdrop which meets a skyline that almost appears to be approaching darkness or the color of a storm. The women in the painting do not seem to notice anything about their surroundings except for the young girl who appears to be a peasant as she is not dressed as formally as the women which surround her. The painting also features several cows along with a spaniel breed of dog. There is a certain serenity in the piece somewhat akin to a still life or what is often found in landscapes. The piece is indicative of the time period as the women are dressed in floor length, casual dresses with hats and parasols. It is as though the women are caught in a perpetual moment of leisure on the outskirts of a pasture which seems to go on until the skyline begins. This piece may be compared to the piece entitled The Wyndham Sisters by John Singer Sargent primarily on the basis of it’s feminine quality. Both of these works feature several woman, all dressed indicative of the time period. The latter of the two works however, depicts three women.

Business Operations Management By Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Operations Management By Tesco - Essay Example The paper tells that Tesco has been operating in retail industry of UK and has been one of the best UK retailers. Increasing competition and changing environment have resulted in putting extra pressure on the retailer to manage the overall operations in effective and efficient manner. In this regard, the most important element is to understand the operations management and the essentials components for effective business operations management. In the case of Tesco, the main aim or focus of all operations of the retail organisation is to make sure that all products are provided to the customers on time according to their needs and requirements. For this purpose, it is first important to identify the essential components for the effective business operations management. The essential components of the business operations for any departmental or retail organisation are divided into three categories i.e. input, processes, and output. Some of the most common inputs in this regard are: pro ducts for sale, information, sales staff at the retail outlet, and the customers. The important processes are of procurement and storage of the products, displaying products, providing advices for sales or purchase, and selling products. Lastly, the output is satisfying the needs and requirements of the customers by providing them with required products and goods. These activities of retail organisation constitute the overall supply chain. ... BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS APPROACH: In order to understand the business process management, first it is important to comprehend what is meant by the process. The process is believed to be an approach or method of converting the inputs into outputs. Processes are different actions or tasks which facilitate the conversion of inputs into outputs. This approach of process has been derived from the systems approach of the business. In the systems approach of business, three most important factors are inputs, transferring processes, and outputs. In order to improve the overall business system there is continuous flow of information and feedback (Zairi, 1997). (Barlow, 2005) Business process management is the method of analysing and improving the important tasks and activities of the organisation which convert the inputs into outputs. These activities or functions include production, communication, marketing, procurement, and several other important factors of the overall oper ations of the organisation (Barlow, 2005). Organisations are getting more concerned about the business process management in order to become more customer focused and to be able to respond to the changing needs and requirements of the target customers in more effective and efficient manner (Krajewski, Ritzman, & Malhorta, 2007). Business process management is all about improving the overall operations and processes of the organisation by optimising the resources available and minimising the impacts of different external and internal elements on the output and productivity (Barlow, 2005). IMPORTANCE OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: Organisations are conducting their businesses in the

Local government is better set up to take care of disaster relief than Essay

Local government is better set up to take care of disaster relief than central governement - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that local governments should be better equipped to set up for disaster relief than centralized government. One of the best reasons for this is that local situations are going to be specific to a region, the problems, potentials, and weather and earth related issues specific with how they should be addressed. A good example of this can be seen in the problems that occurred in the United States after Hurricane Katrina struck and New Orleans and the surrounding regions were left at the mercy of an unprepared government. The problems during that disaster were specific and were not relatable to any other region in the United States. The tsunami in Sri Lanka in 2004 is another example of how local government was better set up to respond than the centralized government. Because local governments are in a position to be better set up than centralized government it does not mean that they are prepared for what can happen. The suggestion in this paper is that local governments are in a better position to prepare for regional disasters and should become prepared in relationship with the foreseeable problems that might affect their local areas. Even though the exact timing of a disaster is not usually predictable, most disasters can be predicted as a probability. This was the case in New Orleans as well as in Turkey where the earthquake that struck recently was predicted long before it actually took place. Still, the city and the government were unprepared for the event. The following paper will explore the theoretical concepts in regard to disaster relief in relationship to local governments while examining the some of the events of the last decade that have brought disaster relief to the forefront of concern for both central and regional governments. Disaster The UN defines a disaster as â€Å"a serious disruption of the functioning of society causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources† (Jha 2010: 4). The way in which disasters are measured is through losses, most often first in lives, then in property. A disaster is a tragedy of such proportion that the community is affected is usually close to non-functioning after a disaster and commerce stops in order to focus on creating a unified effort towards saving lives that are still in jeopardy and finding a way to restore the way of life that was disrupted during and after the event. What is often overlooked is that the aftermath of many disasters goes on for years. Long after the attention of the media has stopped focusing on the areas that have been affected, the rebuilding efforts that coincide with the human struggles continue to evolve, the relief an ongoing process that sometimes can take decades to be fulfilled. Disasters that are made by man such as the core melt-down at Chernobyl in the then U.S.S.R are just as devastating as natural disasters , such as Hurricane Katrina. The disaster at Chernobyl, in fact, has left the area uninhabitable for generations to come (Kapucu, Naim, and Alpaslan O?zerdem 2012).A disaster is not defined by its origin, but through its impact on an area and its population. Integrated Emergency Management (IEM) is the theoretical framework for the cooperative efforts of local and central government as they create an approach to effective disaster relief through both sets of entities. The key concepts for cross-organisational functions are flexibility, coordination and leadership (National or local disaster? 2011). Disasters on a small scale happen on a daily basis, utilizing the skills of the police departments, fire and rescue departments, and various other services that are

Implementation of Patient Centered Concepts to Improve Quality Essay

Implementation of Patient Centered Concepts to Improve Quality Outcomes and Control Cost - Essay Example The model aims at soliciting the input of patients on the support and education they need to make decisions and participate in their individual care. It is therefore an innovative approach used to healthcare planning, delivery and evaluation. The concept can be implemented in any healthcare setting. However, its implementation in the current healthcare system has a lot of potential impacts and many healthcare providers struggle with how to actualize the concept into the daily business of caring for patients and their families. Potential impact of Patient-Centered Concept on the current health system’s finances According to Lorig (2002), the concept of patient-Centered care can impact positively on the business metrics of the current health system like finances, safety, satisfaction, quality and market share. Overall, the model reduces the costs of providing patient care and it is associated with increased efficiency of care. This is mainly seen in terms of reduced number of re ferrals and reduced diagnostic tests. Increased patient participation during visits by healthcare providers reduces their anxiety and perceived need for investigations/diagnostic tests and referrals. However, there could also be a need to increase the financial resources in some hospitals and increased their levels of staffing to match with the level of staffing required to provide continuity of care. Despite these costs of education, support and other interventions, there is usually a general resource utilization leading to a positive financial result. Generally, the model is associated with improved patient satisfaction and improved health status and this has the potential of increasing the demand for services offered by the heath system (Stewart et al, 2000). This can be equated with high sales because of increased market share and the end result of this is increased profits. The model is not about technological innovations or renovations and the acquisition of new equipment. Ins tead, it is mainly about kindness, compassion, empathy and attitude all of which are completely free and their provision require the hiring of new staff. It entails a maximization of the interactions with patients at the current staffing levels present in the current health system. The exact areas of the budget that may be impacted There are two main areas of the health system budget that are impacted by patient-centered care are expenses for referrals and diagnostic tests. As noted above, increased patient participation during visits by healthcare providers reduces their anxiety and perceived need for investigations/diagnostic tests and referrals. Reduced referrals and diagnostic tests mean reduced costs per unit for the health system. For example, it is cheaper both for the family and the health system to attend to a patient at home than maintaining the same patient in hospital. Cost/benefit analysis that would be helpful in assessing this trend One of the ways to achieve a cost/b enefit analysis for assessing this trend is assessing the overall costs of managing long-term illnesses verses patient outcomes. For example, if the costs of managing such long-term diseases have reduced while at the same time, the survival rates have been increased and mortality rates reduced, then is the model is good. Impact on the structure of health systems and organizational dynamics Effective patient-centered care requires a shift of the current healt

Assisted Reproduction, Multiple Births, Discussion Essay

Assisted Reproduction, Multiple Births, Discussion - Essay Example and managed by doctors and help couples have their own child by in vitro fertilization or if the man has a low sperm count then the couple may consider a sperm donor and introduce the sperm in the woman body by artificial ejaculation. If that is not an option, then couples can look at adoption. So far there are no rules as far as adoption is concerned, any race, religion and couple of any age can adopt a child which they think best suits their needs. Maybe putting an age limit on the couple who want to adopt a baby would help, if too old a couple adopts a child they may not be able to raise it like a younger couple would. Couples usually go to adoption agencies and decide the race, sex and the physical appearance they want in their future adopted child. From a moral point of view, it rather sounds discriminatory to buy and sell children like cattle. Women these days are offering to sell their eggs to the highest bidder of men who want to have a child with certain physical traits. It could be considered wrong that human life is no longer considered sacred and has now become a way of making money. When an elderly woman gestates with artificial hormones she not only endangers her own life and health but also of the baby. The zygote in the womb is dependent on the mother who is carrying the child for oxygen and food supply. In the elderly the body systems have already started to weaken out and the immune system is weaker

Tobacco advertising should be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco advertising should be banned - Essay Example â€Å"Each year smoking kills some 431 000 people in the community, 110  000 of them in Britain† – such lamentable statistics is suggested by Vickers (p. 1995). Hence, addiction to cigarettes remains to be an important and relevant problem for people in Europe and this problem may be straightforwardly related to tobacco advertising. It is definite fact that tobacco advertising should be banned and such kind of publicity for product which kills people’s lungs and takes away its lives should be prohibited. Actually, â€Å"in 1999, the European Parliament approved a ban on all forms of advertising for tobacco products† (K.M. Lancaster and A.R. Lancaster, 41). This decision is considered to be appropriate and wholesome. There are some straightforward reasons for such an idea and they are absolutely logical and reasonable. The essential point which is worse to mention is stopping children to become addicted to the cigarettes. It is suggested that five of six adult smokers commence this horrible addiction at the age of sixteen (Vickers, p. 1995). This is the time of rebellion and adolescent extremist orientations. Children in that age do not realize all consequences and harmfulness of cigarette addiction. And three influential factors which induce young people to smoking addiction due to Nelson (808) are: They all are connected and presuppose young person to harmful habits like smoking for example. Advertisements itself is related to social environment sphere as we can observe them everywhere in the streets, on television or newspapers. We are a consuming generation, so advertisements are considered to be our environment. At the same time an appealing advertisement may attract attention of young generation and encourage them to buy a pack of cigarettes. Such advertising compose a wrong perception of what cigarettes are and what implications their usage may cause. Moreover, advertising campaigns create false

Analysis of “Their Eyes Were Watching God” Essay Example for Free

Analysis of â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† Essay The search for one’s identity is as poignant for the fictional character Janie as it was for former slave Frederick Douglass. Douglass used education to form an independent identity, which would separate him from the white slave masters. In contrast, Janie attempts to construct a dependent identity through marriage to each of her three husbands. With the death of her final husband Tea Cake, she plants the seeds he left behind, symbolically proving that she has grown as the seeds will grow and she is now a woman with her own identity. Janie’s first husband Logan does not understand that like any plant, Janie needs room to grow. He gives Janie material advantages through his sixty acres of land, but does not know how to treat her as his wife and not a servant. The reader receives a glimpse into his heart as he sobs while shouting his suspicion that she is planning to leave him, proving that he does want to please her. Through their lack of communication, however, Janie feels that the relationship is dead and leaves to marry Joe Starks, whom she believes will always provide her with springtime. Joe Starks gives her material wealth as well as a prominent position in the community for the price of her ultimate subservience. He is a jealous husband so she is not allowed to let her hair down in the store for fear that other men might covet it, and he refuses to let her take part in the community gatherings outside the store. After seven years of marriage and constant submission, Janie reflects on their relationship, realizing that â€Å"She wasn’t petal-open with him anymore.† As in her first marriage, Joe wants someone who will serve him and fill the role of the mayor’s wife, not an equal partner. While married to Joe she can only be the mayor’s wife and receive respect through his position instead of receiving respect for herself. Janie’s final marriage to Tea Cake teaches her to love herself, though at first she still is dependent upon having a man around for a sense of identity. She places great importance on his desire to play checkers with her and it seems as though Janie will always need a man beside her for fulfillment. Tea Cake shows her to love each aspect of herself. Janie comments on their blooming relationship during the hurricane, â€Å"If you can see the light at daybreak, you don’t keer if you die at dusk. It’s so many people never seen de light at all.† Janie’s light is her newfound ability to realize her worth. When Tea Cake is bit by the mad dog and attempts to bite her Janie saves herself, knowing that he loved her more. At the novel’s conclusion Janie says, â€Å"Two things everybody’s got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin’ fuh theyselves.† Thus power of truth for Janie is not book knowledge, but rather the knowledge that she has grown to discover an identity all her own.

The strengths and limitations of duration analysis

The strengths and limitations of duration analysis As stated by the US Federal Reserve, interest rate risk impacts on a various range of stakeholders, and hence financial actors are interested in quantifying its impact. The most important practical tool to manage interest rate risk and to satisfy this main function for banks is duration analysis. In general duration Analysis is an econometric tool and in terms of Financial Economics it is defined as the mean length of time that passes until the present value is returned by a stream of fixed payments according to Macaulay (1938). Hence, Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of asset ´s prices to interest movements. My following essay defines duration according to Macaulay and presents special terms from the practice. Moreover, it considers immunization, hedging and Duration Gap Analysis as practical applications. The next part will discuss strengths and weaknesses of duration analysis. It concludes with todays importance of Duration analysis. There are two main reasons to study Duration according to Kopprasch (2006). Firstly, firms and especially financial intermediaries have tied up huge amounts of capital in fixed income instruments. These include bonds partly with optional characteristics or recent financial innovations like swaps, interest rate options or floaters. Hence, proper hedging of these instruments becomes important. Secondly, the key figure duration provides an intuitive approach to educate potential customers. This leads to a better understanding of financial instruments in general and how they behave when interest rates change. Bodie, Kane, Marcus (2006) Empirical studies and Figure 16.1 show six bond-pricing relationships: Firstly, theres an inverse relation between bond price and yield to maturity. Secondly, an increase in a bonds yield to maturity results in a smaller price change than a decrease of equal magnitude. Thirdly, long-term bonds are more sensitive than short-term bonds. Fourthly, interest rate risk, which is measured by the sensitivity of bond prices to changes in yields, is less than proportional to bond maturity. Fifthly, there is an inverse relationship between interest rate risk and bonds coupon rate, because a bond with a higher coupon rate pays a greater percentage of its present value prior to maturity. Sixthly, the yield to maturity at which the bond is currently sold is inversely related to the sensitivity of the bonds price to a change in its yield. This five observations were described Mankiel and are known as Malkiel bond-pricing relationships. The sixth property was demonstrated by Homer and Liebowitz (1972). Ingersoll, Skelton, Weil, (1978) stated that the key figure Duratio n can be interpreted as an attempt to quantify this qualitative observations through a single and numerical measure. The duration concepts has its origins in the work of Macaulay(1938), Samuelson (1945), Hicks (1939) and Redington (1952). Macaulay(1938) defined duration as the mean length of time that pass until the present value is returned by a stream of fixed payments. The proof that duration is an elasticity was provided by Hicks in 1939. This means that the price elasticity of a bond in response to an infinitesimal change in its yield to maturity is proportional to duration. But Fisher (2006) casts doubt on Hickss derivation. Nevertheless, his proof is generally acknowledged. Redington (1952) derived the duration independently and used it for portfolio immunization. The standard definition according to Macaulay is: subject to The weight is calculated by . In the special case of a zero bond, the duration equals the maturity, because no payments occur before maturity. Kopprasch (2006) mentions several different practical methods which are based on Macauleys duration and are used in practice. Effective duration is determined by the price movement to an incremental movement while holding the option adjusted spread constant. Option adjusted Spread (OAS) is a flat spread which is added to the yield curve in a pricing model and considers options like prepayments opportunities for mortgage backed securities. Hence, OAS is model dependent and incorporates volatility like variable interest rates or prepayment rates. Portfolio duration quantifies the Duration of a portfolio of different assets. It is based on the additivity of single durations. Additivity means that the duration of a portfolio is the weighted-average of the durations of the individual securities. The weights are the current market value of each security. The term Modified duration is calculated by the formula: Furthermore, the term partial durations or key rate durations is a vector of durations, where each duration is only valid for a limited maturity range. Spread duration recognizes that a change in the spread can affect the bond. This key figure was designed especially to value floaters which trade near par by definition. It often turns out that the market doesnt seem to trade the instruments with the predicted duration. Hence, empirical duration was developed to deal with these times. It is calculated by regressing price movements of the asset versus some market benchmark. The next paragraph considers two applications of duration in risk management: Hedging and immunization for a portfolio and Duration Gap Analysis. The change in an asset price due to change in interest rates can be calculated by: Fooladi (2000) describes that the realized rate of return encompass interest accumulated from reinvestment of coupon income and the capital gain or loss at the end of the planning period when the portfolio is sold. The two components impact the realized rate of return in opposite directions. Hence, in one point the two opposite effects of coupon reinvestment and capital gain or loss offset one another. When the portfolio duration equals the length of the planning period, the portfolio is immunized and the realized return will not fall below the promised rate of return. The second described application is Duration Gap Analysis which is an extension to the immunization approach, because it includes liabilities. A main function of banks is to provide maturity transformation. Hence, banks usually have short-term liabilities and long-term assets. As a consequence of this duration mismatch and shown by the third following equation, changes in interest rates have a direct effect on the banks equity value. The gap between the durations of the assets and liabilities ( is a measure of the interest rate risk of banks equity. Fooladi (2000) describes that banks may take modest bets by setting a duration gap or set the duration gap close to zero. The second equation shows how banks can adjust their duration gap by shifting weights on assets or liabilities. Bierwag and Fooladi (2006) specify that banks use off-balance-sheet securities like interest rate futures, options and swaps to reduce adjustment time and to save costs. Despite the shown strengths, there are weaknesses in duration analysis. As one can see in Figure 16.3, Duration is only valid for small changes, because the relationship between duration and price changes is derived by a first-order Taylor series approximation. Furthermore, Mishkin/Eakins (2006) criticise that interest rate changes have to affect all rates of maturities by exactly the same amount. Generally speaking, the slope of the yield shouldnt be affected at all and the yield curve is assumed to be flat. However, the shape of the yield curve fluctuates over the business cycle and consequently this expected slope change has to be considered. The mentioned partial duration and spread duration try to handle this shortcoming. Further problems involve uncertainty over the proportion of assets and liabilities. Estimates have to consider for example prepayment of loans, customer shifts out of deposits and uncertain cash payments due to default risk according to Fooladi and Roberts (2004). As Bierwag and Kaufman (1988) showed, default alters bonds cash flows and their timing. Additionally, one has to predict the stochastic process governing interest rate movements to value options. This can create a stochastic process risk which can be quantified by approaches to to measure interest rate volatility risk. Ho (2007) states that practitioners tie duration and vega measures which specify the sensitivities to the shift in the swap curve and the volatility surface, respectively. In his approach volatility risk is measured by the value sensitivity of an option to the change in the implied volatility function at the key rate points on the curve. Ingersoll, Skelton, and Weil (1978) argue that the assumed stochastic process to develop duration models is inconsistent with equilibrium conditions. Occurring large shocks to interest rates, riskless arbitrage became possible, but on the practical side the riskless-arbitrage argument seemed hypothetical. To overcome these weaknesses, Mishkin and Eakins (2006) mentions more sophisticated approaches such as scenario analysis and value-at-risk analysis and convexity which is a second-order Taylor series approximation and can be used as a correction measure. Paroush and Prisman (1997) strengthen this assumption and show that convexity (second-order) can be more important than the duration (first order). To put it in a nutshell, with increasing complexity of securities, myriad extensions have been added to the former duration analysis founded by Macaulay to handle the occurring risks. Furthermore, different duration measures face different assumptions about slope and shape of the yield curve or the stochastic process driving interest rates. One has to take in mind how accurate these assumptions are, because as seen in the recent financial crisis failures affect the entire economy, according to my starting statement. However, duration analysis is an adaptable framework and used carefully, a tool to get a first impression of interest-rate risk. Words: 1465

The fragility of tourism

The fragility of tourism Tourism is fragile,the 7/11 tragedy had a very severe,almost devastating effect on the industry.Climate conditions are able to influence visitor arrivals for the Mediterranean beaches.Sometimes it is political and economic instability that is the determining factor (e.g.Argentina) almost ruining a traditional and established industry.Tourism can have both positive and negative effects.Positively it creates employment and economically enables the conservation of valuable space;restrains a migratory tendency within the home population improving their socio-cultural education.It encourages support of local commercialisation resulting in the free interchange of ideas,customs and sensitization of issues concerning the eco-environment.The reduction of working hours,the ever present threat of unemployment because of technological advancement and the globalisation process enables the tourism industry to provide an interesting and stimulating intensive alternative Just as significant as the p ositive effects is the rising cost of natural resources,water,energy.The spoiling of landscapes with land reclamation;rising levels of waste disposal;alterations to ecosystems;the extinction of rare species of animals and plants;the loss of traditional values and rising levels of prostitution,that is sex tourism.There is the narcotics trade,forest fires,together with the rising cost of housing. Rising levels of carbon dioxide and other contaminating gases from increasing frequencies of airflights with ozone erosion and acid rain.All kinds of ecosystems are becoming affected.Thailand is littered with golf courses that consume large amounts of pesticides and water.There is hardly anywhere in the world not affected by tourism impact.From the Antarctic to Mount Everest visited with huge amounts of garbage the reminder of previous expeditions.Tourism is an aspect of globalisation most sensitive to any repercussion.In the eastern region of Spain,Benidorm has a great concentration of hotels,accommodating nearly half a million tourists in August within an area of little more than 12 kilometres.There is a large proportion of the population of many countries who do not participate in tourist flows but who nevertheless will become part of such flows with the emergence of new markets in Latin-America and Asia. The level of impact relates to the class of tourism. A family hiking trip in the Alps cannot make the same impact as a collection of caravan vehicles situated in the same area,or a vast Mediterranean hotel complex.It is therefore prudent to analyse the main categories of tourism and their effects the solutions to such problems.Business tourism has little impact except for the consumption of aircraft fuel.Beach tourism,very popular but quite dangerous for the environment as there is a large congregation of people within a relatively small zone.There is a high turn-over of resources,increased waste,escalating house prices as impact factors.Adventure tourism is the most harmful;usually visiting virgin zones with a rapid degradation because of high consumption of resources.Matters escalate with the waywardness of track vehicles who go off the beaten track.Rural tourism or mountain tourism consists of small hotels serving a small percentage of tourists.Reorganisation of these areas is gai ning momentum with a redirection of flow from the cities to such zones.Eco-tourism contributes in the effort of sustainable tourism possessing an awareness for nature and attempts to reduce any impact.Agricultural tourism is concerned with sustainable tourism.The tourist takes part in activities on the farm and like places.Tourists are introduced to aspects of the life and empathy with the animals and plants.This injects a life into such environments and agrees with the immediate habitat.The other varieties of tourism are minority,seasonal and impacts are therefore diverse,dependent upon type.In this category there is that of the religious,gastronomy,events,cultural etc. All the above have common factorial problems.Ever increasing usage of natural resources,generally unrecyclable.Raw materials and combustibles originating from elsewhere,that is non local.The problem of water,energy.Consuming of territory from agriculture to infrastructure.The generating of contamination.Residual wastes.The factor of residual waters and the pollution of subterranean reserves.Atmospheric pollution.Noise contamination and the loss of biodiversity. Future development must become sustainable in the long term and economically viable.Efforts should be made to channel such mass flows to reduce transport emissions that develop into global repercussions with local cooperation to support sustainability against loss of biodiversity and depletion of natural resources.But the word sustainable has many definitions when applied to tourism. Although respect of the environment is meant there are some principles involved.There would be three aspects.Ecological,Social and cultural and economic sustainability.Ecological sustainability means the tourism must respect maintenance of the essential biological process,of biodiversity and of biological resources.Social and cultural sustainability entails respect of local culture with the local populations values and the retention of the communitys identity.Economic sustainability means that there must be economic efficiency present. There is no one clearly acknowledged method of analysing the impacts of tourism and there are a number of different criteria for its measurement.The factor of economic costs based on indicators lends itself to compactness needing no previous knowledge of ecology or sociology.Most studies are able to display the benefits generated and contributive to the balance of payments to income contributed by the government and its deployment.Yet few have included the analysis of negative effects.Negative economic impact has an effect on the local scale.Destinations that suffer economically when dependent on tourism.Diversification if applied to the local economy is able to positively revert such consequences with the development of tourist goods and services replacing the previous gains of traditional activities.The way is open to instability due to alteration of tourist routes,ineffective publicity,the influence of ever changing tourist fashions in response to seasonal variation of production. Before such situations develop the small economies decide whether to resort to dependency within the sector or proceed with a duality strategy.Here they will try to balance two sources of income,the traditional with economic activities.This involves a more rational choice of possibilities.If there is no duality then it frequently becomes an inflationary situation.This inflationary aspect is sublimative with prices and taxes affecting the local population.It has no regard for anything existant before and it becomes patently obvious in the escalation of food prices and that of goods etc.Those who are directly involved in the industry experience improved benefit but not the local population.In the areas of tourist development,capital destinations there is disruption of traditional production sectors.Foreign capital is not limited to a local effect as it leaves the receiving country contributing to a loss of currency.Some authors assert that for the long term,low potential productivity from a tourist company has a depressive effect on local economic growth.Clarifying we have possible inflation from such tourist activity,purchasing potential being greater than that of the resident population leading to escalating prices for food and services.The loss of potential economic benefits with a high dependency on foreign capital.Distortions of local economy.Concentration of economic activity into one type of activity.Impact on employment produces fluctuating levels. Social impacts again consist of both positive and negative effects.Positively there is the recovery and conservation of cultural values that but for the visiting tourists would have disappeared.Funds as a result are made available for preservation of artefacts and restoration of forgotten historical monuments.Local communities would be unable to provide such resources.Yet various tactics are applied in such privileged places of tourist interest.Many local customs have been revitalized and tourist resources are being made available for the reappearance of folklore,festivals,craft pursuits and gastronomy.There has occurred marked improvement in facilities and services such as sanitary,modes of transport,parks etc. Nevertheless again negative impacts exist.The immediate negative factor is that of the social disparities between the indigenous population and that of the visitors.For some destinations essentially those to be found in the underprivileged countries their is a kind of imperialistic relationship with the inhabitants becoming servants of the tourists.Inevitably there arises social tension and resentment.A new kind of colonialism appears with dependency upon the foreign currency.Outside workers obtain contracts possessing better qualifications.With such clear indications of the socio-economic differences the negative impact takes effect.Gaming,increasing prostitution,drugs appear previously non-existent and all related to the arrival of tourists.Such negative impacts lead to loss of culturization.The local population observes the tourists and then seeks to adapt to their customs paving the way for the destruction and disappearance of the very thing that the tourists originally arrived f or. The tourism impact to the environment is the most negative aspect.Wholesale damage has been caused to large areas that will be very difficult indeed to reclaim.Tourism,tourist activity as a phenomenon of mass flows requires substantial infrastructure supported by intricate service networks.Careful planning has not always been applied with a resulting deterioration of the natural and social environments.There has been a transformation of infected zones with the destruction of ecosystems;diminution in the quality and quantity of water;soil contamination;the extinction of many species of fauna;severe infection of flora,fishing depletion and the contamination of the sea. Destruction of ecosystems arises with a massive presence of visitors.Originally the mass influx promised a get-rich-quick attitude.Nature was defenceless.Those destinations with an image of a tourist paradise have become victims to ecosystem destruction.Natural clean water has been severly affected and reduced with tourist arrivals.In many instances the amount of tourists arriving has been unsustainable to local resources.The many many golf courses and residential swimming pools all affect agricultural development and the zonal ecological balance. Soil contamination arises in many instances with substances derived from human activity that alter the chemical environment and reduces crop yield. Many species of fauna are becoming extinct.The effect upon tree populations,unregulated city-planning,hunting present ever present and overwhelming danger to endangered species.The mighty oceans yield of fish is becoming seriously affected.Population along the coasts has mushroomed together with second residences.To prevent an ecological disaster careful and superior planning is necessary;beyond local expertise.An overwhelming presence in the natural zones is affecting/impacting the flora in the same way.The presence of tourists in natural zones with a deluge of sporting activity such as motorbikes,mountain bikes,all land vehicles causes severe erosion of surface land inevitably affecting the flora. Are there solutions to such problems and is sustainable tourism attainable?Or is tourism an impact generator advancing to disaster. A global entity that is attaching attention to such a problem and attempting to fulfil objectives for a sustainable tourism is the European Union.The rest of the world has economic problems of its own as in Africa.The EU with its agenda 21 has invited the local administrations to act.It recommends the following:Promotion of local production,offering ecological foods of the region containing no additives.Reduction of waste garbage and separation of the various categories for possible recycling.Usage of various technologies to saver water.Purification of residual waters for irrigation and agriculture.The saving of energy with efficient washing machines,heat insulation.Respecting the environment and landscape.Promotion of public transport and bicycling.To establish pedestrian zones in areas of historic value.The promotion of local tourism and to reduce air schedules of the flight industry thereby reducing carbon emissions.Planning to facilitate contact between the visiting tourists and the local inhabitants but to deter the formation of any tourism ghettos.Planning to benefit all the local population. It therefore appears from the previous account that the main aims concerning tourism management are to maximise economic,environmental and socio-cultural benefits of tourism but to minimise costs associated with such a strategy.The contemporary theme that has been introduced above is sustainable tourism.According to the Brundtland Commission(1987) development is sustainable when it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Another definition was offered in Vancouver at the Globe Conference. Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic,social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity,essential ecological processes,biological diversity and the support systems. Three objectives should be achieved concerning tourism development.To increase the economic value of tourism.Improving the quality of life for the people and the protection and responsible usage of natural resources. It appears that tourism development within a country relates to an assumption of economic gain.Only tourism management with its application of various methods and principals can determine whether any economical gain will outweight the cost factor.There are staffing costs,overheads and utilities to take into account.To reduce costs to a minimum might involve improved staffing rotas,energy saving. There can be a number of positive impacts of tourism such as an improvement in the balance of payments,easier access to foreign exchange,the contribution to GNP and the multiplier effect.Also job creation and increased revenues for the government.Direct taxation with revenues.There are negative impacts including costs for infrastructure development;an over-dependence of the destination on tourists.The aspect of low skilled work.Again repeating here that is seems clear there is a simple principle involved.Namely that of minimising costs and maximising profits.High leakage is most likely to occur with NMEs(multi national enterprises)where there is the need to promote tourism but in order to do so there is import of food and beverages,capital technology,repatriation of staff and therefore a capital outflow,investment of capital infrastructure by the host government.It may be argued that with restriction/control of such NMEs there will be reduced capital outflow,reduced repatriation,toge ther with switching on of a multiplier effect stimulating more spending by the tourists in the local economy.Again debatable,there is the hiring of as many local residents as staff,ensuring proper salary levels with provision of training to support promotion opportunities.With the resulting reduction of staff repatriation there will occur an increase in the levels of local staff remuneration and so immediately contributing to a multiplier effect with the possibility of enhancing the destination socio-cultural aspect.Economics entails making and providing for the making of choices with influence and guidance being preferably applied.There is a need for professional marketing expertise at destinations to increase the average length of stay,the daily expenditure per head,with the diminishment of seasonality.Yet very searching evaluation is required here for these actions while producing economic benefits may in fact harm the environmental,socio-cultural aspects of the destination causi ng indirect costs. It is claimed by some sources that tourism development can be identified as the cause of environmental degradation in every case where there is tourism present.Such damage consists of air and water pollution,the accumulation of garbage on the streets and beaches;biodiversity damage,congestion of traffic,decline of wildlife.A number of these effects are irreversible harming not only the tourist destination industry but contributing to the cumulative effect of global pollution itself. The physical and cultural environments comprise the essential attractions for the visiting tourist to the destination.It is the responsibility of tourism management to minimize environmental damage and so ensuring future business.There are a number of methods that may be applied to diminish environmental impacts.Energy saving measures eg light bulbs,toilet flushes,cleaning detergents that are environmentally friendly.The limiting of visas thereby reducing immediately the number of visitors.Educational programmes of awareness both for the visiting tourists and the locals.An increase in profit may result with the reduction of costs,applied to utilities.Yet even if the limitation of visas does significantly affect profit it may be considered a better option so that there is still existant the possibility of future gains with the preservation of the destinations natural resources that are there to attract the tourists in the first place. To conclude one of the main ingredients for success of environmental policies is government involvement itself.Again it may be arguable there should be laws on land usage and the extent of building construction for the destination.The necessary infrastructure should be installed to meet anticipated volume of tourist flow with protection of natural heritages. The socio-cultural impacts can be measured with resort to crime rate statistics,the ratio of tourist to locals etc.A management method used to measure the level of socio-cultural impact is Doxey Irridex Model.The model has a four stage process wherein there are diminishing returns in the local inhabitants attitude towards the visitors.Firstly there is the exploration stage where contact between both parties is of frequent occurrence and here the attitude is referred to as euphoria.There is a welcoming of contact with the outside world and there is the possibility of supplementing the household income as a result of such inflow.With increasing flow there occurs diminishing contact with the early arrivals.The tourists become part of everyday business concerns that transforms the initial attitude into one that seeks contact and liaison for personal gain.Those residents of such a destination develop an apathetic attitude to such matters. A further development of the model presents annoyance.The significant inflow of tourism disrupts everyday life with developing queues experienced in the local shops,traffic jams.Local business accommodates to souvenir promotion emanating a sense of alienation to the local population.A subtle inbalance is occurring subconsciously activating antagonism towards the tourists.There is a loss of control within the community because they have now become dependent upon such tourist inflows.Destination facilities as a result of increasing volume deteriorate and contribute to the attraction of a down-market visitor.The tourists now become the focus of blame for such developments.The increasing deterioration in attitude becomes a mirror of reflection and comparison of the effect of such tourism influx. Tourism management methods applied to assist in maximizing positives and minimising negatives of impact for the socio-culture consist of educating about tourism;promotion of cross-cultural exchange;imposition of visitor codes;ensuring that locals have access to cultural facilities;preservation of local architecture;maintenance of authenticity;providing for the more sensitive cultural tourist with appropriate marketing;limitation of tourist numbers. One principal that has gained attention is the carrying capacity assessment.It may be used to control and implement frontline sustainable tourism.There is a variety of applications such as the determination of a tourism development limit for a particular place and the limitation of actual visitor numbers.It attempts to balance economic goals for physical and facility capacity of the destination.The social goal for social carrying capacity of the destination,and environmental goals with the ecological carrying capacity of the destination.Hopefully to achieve sustainable tourism development as a working reality.It has not met with the anticipated success because of unrealistic expectations,faulty assumptions and misplaced value judgment with an inadequate legal support system. Efforts of management to achieve a sustainable tourism system consist of a number of principles consisting of environmental impact assessment,limits for acceptable change,visitor impact management,visitor experience and resource management. It perhaps has become clear to the reader that tourism management should not function alone in these matters,but work together with local government and public bodies.Legal implementation is a central issue because if there is to be a restriction of visas for example there has to be assistance from such a quarter.Success breeds success and so tourism management and government will hum the same tune. The methods referred to above all have the same principal;that of protection for the host destination rather than a focus upon tourism demand.Obviously the demand has to be considered but it is the design of the tourist product that should be the main focus.Application of such principals referred to in the foregoing discussion will hopefully result in sustainable tourism for the future.

Managing Change In Operations Essay -- essays research papers

Behavior Traits of Successful Businesses Business Innovation Opportunities Businesses are resource limited and must determine where and in what way to allocate resources to achieve business mission objectives. This translates to why it is so important for business to be creative and actively plan for innovation correctly. Innovation is a change of direction and it alters investment policy so it is essential from the onset for the business planner to be clear about the current state of product â€Å"portfolio†. The planner must recognize how to balance the current products against possible policies for future development and their likely implications in terms of cash flow, market share, return on capital employed and other key components of company objectives. A successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is to develop business models to assess a strategy. These models provide change models expanding on issues such as â€Å"what†, that provide a picture of the company now of analysis; and â€Å"which†, that suggest alternative action paths for the company to take. Both of these models provide information to build a more complete picture of events within the business and options for future development. Managers should make use of these models and many don’t. Those that do are more likely to be successful and have the ability to minimize risk of failure. Business managers who do are far more likely to survive. For planners and non-planners there is not a single universal technique that can be applied in all situations. Use of strategic planning models can be a very important behavior trait for successful companies. Companies that do not use strategic planning models usually don’t because the model does not offer what the customer wants. It may be inadequate because of its analysis of the relationship between company resources and markets. These result in advice about overall investment decisions rather than about the specifics of how to manage the alternatives in the market/business relationship can be shortsighted, since there are always alternatives in order to gain the maximum competitive advantage. Since change is so an important aspect of business continuity, many models don’t necessarily provide assiduous suggestions for what type of change should be considered. An example of modeling one such model in use by Boston Consulting Gr... ...he market required by other types of innovation. Therefore, three broad types of organizational patterns can be described as appropriate for components of the innovation matrix and it can be described as follows: 1. Common room – appropriate for the development of sector creating innovations 2. Rugby scrum – approaches are best for the management of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and those innovations that require a close and continuing contact with the marketplace for effective control 3. Coffee shop – reformation, service, branding, design and packaging are most suited in this sector Once a company has formulated an innovation policy it must evaluate whether to acquire the expertise from outside the organization (acquisition), to borrow it (licensing), to develop it with a partner with some specific expertise in this area (joint venture), or to concentrate on developing the knowledge internally. By studying how knowledge has been acquired and the problems associated with each route, it is then possible to come to some general conclusions about the best overall method for developing competitive advantage in the 1990’s and beyond.

New Deal Outline Essay -- essays research papers

The New Deal I. FDR and the First New Deal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. FDR Takes the Helm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Roosevelt was generally popular and got good grades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Marriage to Eleanor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i. distant cousins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. March 17, 1905 they were married   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. An Emerging Politician   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i. democrat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. 1921 polio left him paralyzed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii. treatment gave him partial use of his legs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iv. spoke publicly in 1924 since the attack   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. The Roosevelt Victory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i. Roosevelt proposed a solid and straightforward plan of action to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. was open to all ideas (ex. Employed Republicans)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii. The Hundred Days   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. The Hundred Days   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Moratorium – temporary shutdown of operations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Stemming the Bank Crisis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i. William Woodin appointed to resolve bank crisis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. FDR reassured the people their money is safer with new banks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. A New Deal   Ã‚  &... ... reservations and could decide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how their lands would be used and managed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D. An Expanded Government Role   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. 14% of all families obtained aid or relief from the federal government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Federal Regulation – the expansion of the federal government into   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  almost all aspects of people’s lives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. The government programs of the New Deal neither eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  individual poverty nor ended the Depression CT #4 4. Assumptions could have easily included the stereotype of a minority or a culture facing extinction. Native American cultures were generally neglected but when people overanalyze acts that were instated to help the Native American culture, stereotypes and rumors could be concocted.

American Political System and Philosophy Essay

The United States of America would have been completely different had the Founding Fathers been influenced by a different philosophical stream. Had democracy not been the cornerstone of the nation, Americans would not be enjoying the rights they have today. Democracy, in its literal meaning, suggests that the power of the state rests on its constituents and that, therefore, the fate of the country solely depends on its people. Without a democratic system, there will be no elections and no representations in the political arena. Since elections provide the means for the people to constantly shape the course of the nation’s institutions through elected officials, the lack thereof deprives Americans of their right to steer their country towards the direction which they see best fits their needs. For the most part, the Founding Founders perfectly embodied the noble principle of democracy in three simple words—â€Å"We the People†. If the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes became the foundation of America, Americans will be forced to surrender their rights to a single authority. In effect, Americans will be left powerless as the â€Å"Leviathan† would have now held and wielded the aggregate of all their rights. The limitation of the political philosophy of Hobbes is clear—it does not recognize a large number of the rights of the people, more so their inalienable rights. Without recognizing the rights of the people, society becomes either lifeless or mechanical as individuals are forced to follow whatever the sitting authority dictates. In the society of Hobbes, Americans have no right to tell the ruler what to do. In some cases, modern Americans are unable to convince their local officials to do as they are told by their constituents. Rather, some local officials play deaf and mute to the calls of their constituents to make certain actions that will favor the larger body politic instead of a few chosen elites. If the political philosophy of John Stuart Mill became the foundation of America, the political system would have been chosen depending on the greatest good for the greatest number. In short, the political system will essentially be a Utilitarian system. In such a system, certain harms towards some Americans are permissible so long as the majority of the population is able to gain the best benefit. It then becomes clear that human rights violations are permissible if such violations would realize the best interest of the people. For example, the murder of thieves vigilante groups commit becomes acceptable because it reduces the possible sources of threats to life and property to most Americans. In the long run, the rule of law becomes parallel to the rule of the majority. Minorities who stand in opposition to the principles and ideals of the majority become powerless and are reduced to â€Å"toothless† citizens of the nation unable to change the social situation. Oftentimes, modern American culture reflects the Utilitarian perspective. One compelling example is the time when African-Americans were racially discriminated. Their discrimination was left unattended to by the federal government at that time primarily because most of the American population such as the â€Å"conservatives† benefitted from the oppression—benefit as in the context of their perception. I think the political philosophy of John Locke best reflects the formation of America as a nation. Locke primarily espouses the idea that men in the State of Nature would come together and transfer the power to punish transgressors to the government. Although the will of the majority requires all people to follow that will, the government plays the role of judge in times when offenses towards the people occur. The society formed from convention of people comes with certain laws that guide the actions of all people and serve as an adjudicating force with the aid of judges. Today, much of Locke’s political philosophy can be observed in America. The country has its own set of laws that guide the conducts of its citizens. Although the will of the majority is observed especially during elections, it does not necessarily deprive the minority of their rights and privileges in the society. As a matter of fact, American laws, in principle, do not discriminate between those who belong to the majority and those who are from the minority. All people are equal before the law.

Dementia And The Associated Stigmatisation Health And Social Care Essay

Dementia derives from Latin de intending ‘out of ‘ and work forces intending ‘the head ‘ . Dementia is an organic mental upset which affects the encephalon. Furthermore, dementedness is a degenerative progressive procedure. The CDCP ( 2004 ) states that dementedness is the 5th taking cause of decease amongst the 65 plus group. Dementia affects all groups every bit ; â€Å" no societal or racial lines, and the hapless, the wise and the simple alike are affected. † ( McCugh et al, 1999: 7 ) No two people will hold symptoms that develop in precisely the same manner, and symptoms vary depending on the advancement of the unwellness. Symptoms by and large comprise of memory loss, freak out, damages with logical thinking, opinion and apprehension, trouble with executing daily things, psychotic beliefs, agitation, restlessness and rational damage. Age is an of import hazard factor. Dementia is rare below the age of 65, but unluckily it still can happen but on the plus side it can still be diagnosed. Those people diagnosed with dementedness under the age of 65 are described to hold early onset dementedness. A recent instance survey is that of Mark Priddy who was diagnosed with Alzheimer ‘s disease at the age of 36. As a individual ‘s age additions, the prevalence of dementedness additions. The prevalence of dementedness amongst the over 65 is one out of 20, increasing to one individual out of five amongst the over 80. Types: There are many types of dementedness as dementedness is the umbrella term.Alzheimer ‘s is the most common type of dementedness. The Alzheimer ‘s Society found that Alzheimer ‘s disease affects around 417,000 people in the UK. Alzheimer ‘s disease occurs when a alteration in construction of the encephalon occurs, where ‘plaques ‘ and ‘tangles ‘ develop. There are besides a diminishing figure of nervus cells. Chemical alterations besides occur within the encephalon, where chemicals are involved with the transmittal of messages within the encephalon are at a deficit peculiarly the neurotransmitters acetylcholine. Changes such as these within the encephalon construction and the chemical science of the encephalon, cause encephalon cells to decease. Symptoms of Alzheimer ‘s disease involve confusion, temper swings, backdown, and communicating jobs and the ulterior phase, trouble with feeding, walking and continency occurs where the likelihood of dependence will happen. Blood supply to the encephalon allows the encephalon to work decently, and to be healthy. Blood is delivered through the vascular system, supplying O to the encephalon. When blood ca n't make the encephalon, the cells dice and the encephalon becomes damaged, taking to vascular dementedness. High blood pressure can be a cause for vascular dementedness. It is really of import to place and handle high blood pressure. A individual shot is called single-infarct dementedness, nevertheless, it is more common that a series of little shots occur, which is so called multi-infarct dementedness. It is said that vascular dementedness has a ‘step-like ‘ patterned advance, of where a sudden impairment occurs. Dementia with Lewy organic structures histories for a little figure of the entire instances. The Alzheimer ‘s Society has estimated that dementedness with Lewy organic structures histories for around 4 % of all instances of dementedness with the aged. Lewy organic structures occur when proteins in the celebral cerebral mantle and the encephalon root develop and construct up. It portions its features with Alzheimer ‘s disease and Parkinson ‘s disease. However, the individual ‘s memory is less affected compared to Alzheimer ‘s. Similar symptoms to Parkinson ‘s disease include musculus stiffness, awkwardness, loss of facial looks and scuffling. The differentiation between the two is of import as it can hold profound deductions for direction. Front-temporal dementedness is another rare signifier of dementedness, and includes Pick ‘s disease. Damage occurs to the front-lobe of the encephalon, which is responsible for our behavior, emotional responses and linguistic communication accomplishments. Often, the person ‘s memory remains integral, but their personality and behavior alterations. Other symptoms include loss of suppressions, a decrease in or deficiency of address, acting unsuitably, and or going aggressive. This type of dementedness is characterised by a younger of oncoming, with the 75 old ages old being a rare to be diagnosed. Diagnosis: Early on symptoms are frequently elusive doing it hard to name. It frequently takes up to one twelvemonth or longer for a concluding diagnosing to be made. Dementia is merely identifiable with certainty after a post-mortem scrutiny. Early diagnosing is of import as it allows better attention programs to be developed for the hereafter, and interventions can besides be started. Doctors employ a figure of schemes to name dementedness. It is of import that they rule out any treatable conditions, such as depression, or vitamin B12 lack. Doctors frequently begin with patient history and physical scrutiny. They can urge a specializer, of which encephalon trials take topographic point. Imaging scans, such as a magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) scan, which can supply information about the physical province and construction of your encephalon The mini-mental province scrutiny ( MMSE ) is a Screen for Cognitive Impairment. It is most normally used to prove for ailments of memory jobs or when a diagnosing of dementedness is being considered. The trial consists of a series of inquiries and trials, where each inquiry answered right receives points. From an accomplishable mark of 30, the lower the mark the more terrible the disease.A Peoples with Alzheimer ‘s disease by and large score 26 points or less. It must be noted that the MMSE is non a trial for Alzheimer ‘s disease or any other cause of dementedness. However, the trial is questionable. First, there are many other grounds why person might score less than 26 points. Second, Holzer at Al ( 1984 ) argues that the †choice of a cut-off mark to find the presence of dementedness is slightly arbitrary. † ( Ineichen, 1998: 11 ) Treatments and Remedies: Although dementedness is irreversible and incurable, intercession techniques have been developed to better the jobs every bit much as possible. The attacks do non work with everyone, so there must be an recognition of single differences, jobs and their willingness to set about intercession. For illustration, if depression is developed during the early phases of Dementia, this can be treated. Besides, prompting techniques can be used for memory loss. Busch ( 1984 ) found four subjects within curative attacks. These include world orientation, reminiscence, remotivation and resocialisation. It is non merely the patients who can be approached but besides the household and health professional via reprieve and support groups. Taulbee and Folson ( 1966 ) back up the methods of intercession, reasoning that it †makes the patient feel that he is worth something after all, that he can still carry through something. † Drugs merely have a impermanent consequence, handling the symptoms but non the causes. Nonetheless, some drug interventions available can better the symptoms or decelerate down the patterned advance of the dementedness in some persons. FDA -approved drugs for dementedness are known generically as donepezil ( Aricept ) , and memantine ( Ebixa ) , and besides galantamine ( Reminyl ) , and rivastigmine ( Exelon ) have been recommended for the intervention of dementedness. Donepezil ( Aricept ) , galantamine ( Reminyl ) and rivastigmine ( Exelon ) are licensed for the intervention of mild to chair dementedness. Aricept, Exelon and Reminyl are known as Cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the degree of the chemical acetylcholin in the encephalon to increase communicating between nervus cells because dementedness leads to a loss of nervus cells. Memantine ( Ebixa ) is licensed for the intervention of moderate to severe Alzheimer ‘s disease. Ebixa is different in that it blocks t he chemical glutamate. Dementia amendss nerve cells, which release inordinate sums of glutamate, doing farther harm of the encephalon. Drugs are non effectual for everyone, with estimations of between 40 to 60 % of people profiting from drugs. However, these drugs may be seting some aged at hazard with their side-effects. These normally include diarrhoeas, fainting, sickness, fainting and utmost side-effects including fainting, slow bosom beats, and hallucinations. However, drugs have become â€Å" chemical blackjack † in the intervention of dementedness. It was revealed that the NHS has struggled to get by with the lifting Numberss of dementedness patients and as a consequence have turned to anti-psychotic drugs, which was prescribed ab initio for schizophrenic disorder. The National Audit Office says up to 150,000 people with dementedness were unsuitably prescribed drugs, lending to a possible 1,800 deceases a year.A Much research is being done on dementedness in order to assist physicians better understand, diagnose, and handle the disease. Previous researches carried out have found correlativities that vitamin vitamin E and vitamin b12 may forestall the diminution with the aged. An American survey suggests that decrease of fatty acids in the encephalon can assist handle Alzheimer ‘s, yet this survey was carried out on mice and hence can non be generalised to human existences. Experts predict that fleshiness leads to dementia and therefore a healthier lifestyle including a better diet, more exercising and lower blood force per unit area can cut down the hazard. The Dementia 2010 study estimated that the cost of dementedness in the UK was ?23 billion in 2008, with each patient bing ?27,647 per twelvemonth. As Rebecca Atwood emphasiss, â€Å" We need a committedness to a major addition in research support if we are to get the better of dementedness one time and for all. † She stresses farther that â€Å" If we do non significantly increase investing in dementia research in order to develop new interventions, we are headed for an unmitigated societal and economic catastrophe. † The National Dementia Strategy, produced by Department of Health promised ?150m would be used to â€Å" pump premier † diagnosing and intervention. Despite this promise, dementedness is still non seen as a precedence and remains further down the picking order as its cause for concern is non that of a high precedence. Amyyas Morse, the caput of the NAO, said the 2009 authorities scheme had been meant to â€Å" transform the lives of people with deme ntedness † . â€Å" The action nevertheless, has non so far matched the rhetoric in footings of urgency†¦ it is improbable that the intended and much needed transmutation of services will be delivered within the scheme ‘s five twelvemonth timeframe. † Curates have admitted merely 3 per cent of the medical research budget is spent on analyzing Alzheimer ‘s and its related conditions, while funding for malignant neoplastic disease and bosom disease has risen. The Medical Research Council and the Department of Health revealed that in 2008/09, passing on dementedness research fell 7 per cent to ?29.9 million. At the same clip, funding for malignant neoplastic disease surveies rose to ?250 million and ?75 million for bosom disease. ( Martin, 2009 ) Despite warnings of increased agony, the deficiency of concern may be related to perceptual experiences of ageing. In decision, one of the stigmatism of dementedness is agism, and this agism is holding an consequence on research and support of dementedness.

Nightingale Community Hospital Essay

Registrar, registered child (3 year old patient), obtained insurance card and entered demographics. She was then taken to pre-op where the nurse told mother that once in the OR the surgery would take about 45 minutes and then she would go to recovery. The mother informed the pre-op nurse that once her daughter went into the O.R. she needed to run a quick errand involving an older sibling and would return in time to pick her up once she got out of recovery. The mother gave the pre-op nurse her cell phone number phone number with instructions to contact her if her daughter got out of surgery sooner than expected. The Pre-op nurse wrote her number down on her note pad that she carries around in her pocket. The daughter was taken into surgery by the O.R. nurse nothing was mentioned about the mothers’ phone number or contact instructions to the O.R. nurse. After surgery the daughter was taken to recovery where the recovery nurse took care of the patient until she was ready to go to the discharge ambulatory care. The recovery nurse paged the patients’ mother when she was coming out of anesthesia, but could not locate her. The recovery nurse kept her until ready to go to the ambulatory care for discharge. Security had called and said the father was at the main reception to come visit the daughter. The discharge nurse also tried to page mother, who still was not available. The patient was crying and wanted to go home. The discharge nurse let the father back to see the daughter. After 30 minutes had passed and mother was still not present, the father offered to take the patient, home with him. Since the patient called him daddy and was excited to see him, discharge nurse thought it was ok to send her home with her father. The discharge nurse had him sign all pertinent paperwork sent her home with him. The mother returned 2  ½ hours later and found that the daughter was discharged 30 minutes earlier. Mother was extremely distraught and security was called and a â€Å"Code Pink†Ã‚  (hospital-wide child abduction alert) was activated. Local law enforcement was also contacted by hospital security. When security officer interviewed mother, she shared with him that she and patients father were divorced and that she had full custody of daughter and her siblings. The Daughter was located within 30 minutes of her mother’s arrival by local law enforcement, in the care of her father. He had taken her to his home to await the arrival of the mother. If the Pre-Op nurse would have passed on the mother’s phone number where she could be reached and noted that she was on an errand with sibling, a lot of the events could have been avoided. Roles of Personnel Present Surgeon Supervises the actions of the surgical team, orchestrating their responsibilities and generally responsible for the outcome of the surgery. Chief Nursing Officer Responsible for overseeing and coordinating an organizations’ nursing department and its daily operations. Works to align the nursing staff with the mission, values and vision of the organization. Pre-Op Nurse Bring patient back, Changes her into hospital gown, confirms hours with post-op nurse, confirms patient has a ride home (name and phone number in chart), Witnesses signing of the O.R. consent, and they have a basic understanding of what the surgeon is going to do. Mark side of surgery will be on, Starts their IV, check surgeons orders or per protocol, put on antibiotics, shave or prep area. Check all paperwork. Check to see if there is the surgeons’ history and physical within 30 days. Is there lab work or EKG’s (if needed)? Recovery Nurse Provides constant care to patients immediately following su rgery; anywhere from 30 minutes to a few hours until patient is stable enough to be transported to a hospital room or discharged from the facility. Connects patient to cardiac monitoring equipment, and intravenous therapy for fluids and pain medication. Pain intervention-assesses pain levels, makes complete notes on charts, communicates to the PACU nurse & physician. Completes any forms required by facility. Makes patient observation, Takes patients vital signs (blood pressure, pulse and temperature). Ensures patient is breathing properly, and administers oxygen when needed. Must be able to react to signs of negative change, call for assistance and begin CPR if necessary. Discharge Nurse Review surgeons written discharge instructions. Goes over discharge with  patient. Has patient sign discharge instructions Hospital Security Guard Will ensure the safety of the hospital premises. Helps in evacuation drives in times of fire and threats. Interacts with hospital staff of all departments with special emphasis on drug storage areas, infant care units, and ward for mentally ill patients and trauma care. Personnel Issues The Hospital environment can offer some practical challenges that could be barriers in communications. Many patients have individual needs and this can impede on a nurses time and emotions. Nurses put in long hours and have a high patient/nurse ratio or shortage of healthcare workers. Nurses/personnel have to deal with emergencies in an already challenging and busy hospital setting. Dealing with patients takes mental acuity and emotional support and sensitivity. Hospital guidelines might not have sufficient communication practices among personnel in place. Improving Interactions In order to improve interaction amongst personnel there needs to be a constant. That constant needs to be the patients chart following the patient, where hand offs notes from one staff to the next can be kept updated at all times when medications is administered and also when the patient has been checked in and phone numbers can be quickly accessed after surgery and in an emergency to reach the Responsible party that brought the patient in whether it be a friend or parent. Phone numbers and notes involving a minor child, needs to be highlighted in each handoff so the personnel receiving knows there is notes of importance being handed off and read from one department to the next so they know who to reach, and can be quickly reached without having to search in files. When involving a minor child, custody and phone number needs to be consistent on handoff notes from one personnel to another. Risk Management The quality improvement than need to take place in Nightingale regarding a minor, needs to begin at Admission/Registration. All patients admitted requite a bracelet with name of patient, attending doctor and an ID number. In the case of a minor child, the adult admitting will be given an identical bracelet. Upon discharge, the caregiver must match the Childs’ bracelet with the parent/guardian. Without the identical bracelet, child will not be released to anyone until an investigation has been performed through security that  child is being released to the rightful parent/guardian. A new risk management program will be put in place requiring all relevant personnel to attend the workshop in orders to update security issues. These issues will require all floor personnel to attend. All personnel will also be required to call security, imme diately upon knowledge of a patient missing or child abduction. Quality Improvement The aim is to improve security measures in the hospital.  Ã‚ ·The hospital will improve security by requiring all patients to have a patient I D Bracelet and the parent admitting any minor to also have one. Upon discharge Minor patient and Responsible Adult must have matching ID Bracelet before being released from hospital.  ·Security is to be called immediately on any issues that pertain to the safety and wellbeing of any patient and/or the facility.  ·Hire Hospital Security Consulting Service to consult on present security issues and any additional needed improvements. The System will relate to: Improving Patient Safety Measurement The measurement will be to Plot Data for measures. The new measures will be over time, using a run chart to determine whether changes are leading to Improvement. The change will be implemented by a team, to ensure new safety issues are carried out. That team will consist of:  ·Clinical Leader:- MD , Patient Safety Officer  ·Technical Expert:- Quality Control Expert Consultant  ·Day-to-Day Leadership: RN, Manager, Medical/Surgical Nursing  ·Additional Team Members: Risk Manager, Quality Improvement Specialist, Staff Nurse, Staff Education, and Information Technology.  ·Sponsor: MD, Chief Medical Officer The team includes members familiar with all aspects of the process, from managers, Administration to Physicians and nurses and front-line workers. The Executive Sponsor will be responsible for the success of the project The Clinical Leader: has the authority to test and implement change that has been suggested and deal with any issues that arise. Understands clinical implications and consequences. Technical Expert: Knows the subject intimately. An expert on improvement method. Helps the team in determining  the measurement method, design of interpretation, and display of data. Day-to-Day Leadership: Will be the driver of the project, insuring tests are implemented and data is collected. Project Sponsor/Executive Sponsor: the executive liaison with executive authority who serves as the link to senior management and the strategic aim of the organization. Can provide resources and overcome barriers and provide accountability for the teams progress on a regular basis but not day-to-day. Langley, Nolan, Norman, Provost, The Improvement Guide 2009 Security Issue Resource Nightingale Hospital will hire an expert, Hospital Security Consulting Service to assess the security the hospital has in place and how it can better implement its security issues regarding the recent sentinel event and any other issues needed to keep current for Joint Commission Standards. This consulting firm will also provide the risk management workshop to all employees in regard to patient care personnel security issues, to support the new changes. All employees, hospital-wide, will be updated to all quality improvements and risk management guidelines. References JCI Accreditation Standards for Hospitals, 4th edition (e-book); July 2010 Philip Stahel; Patient Safety Surgery Journal, 2009, 3:14 Langley G.L., Nolan K M, Norman C L, Provost LP The Improvement Guide: A Practical Approach to Enhancing Organizational Performance (2nd edition) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishing; 2009